2008-2009 Whitney Young (IL) - Kevin Hirn & Misael Gonzalez

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Contents 1 Affirmative 1.1 IHSA States Energy-Discovery Innovation Institutes Affirmative 1.2 Energy-Discovery Innovation Institutes Affirmative 1.3 Maine East 1AC 1.4 A2: Prolif Good 1.5 A2: Japan CP 1.6 Politics Link Turns 1.7 Emory Plan Text 1.8 Econ Advantage (Emory) 1.9 University of Michigan 1AC 1.10 Wake Forest 1AC 2 Negative 2.1 Normativity Kritik 2.2 Baudrillard Kritik 2.3 Dedevelopment 2.4 Buddhism CP (after many requests) 2.5 Automotive Bailout CP 2.6 GBN Neg 2.7 Post-Politics K

Affirmative

IHSA States Energy-Discovery Innovation Institutes Affirmative

WE OFFER THE FOLLOWING PLAN:

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ESTABLISH AND FULLY FUND A NATIONAL NETWORK OF REGIONALLY BASED ENERGY DISCOVERY-INNOVATION INSTITUTES TO SERVE AS THE HUBS OF A DISTRIBUTED RESEARCH NETWORK TASKED WITH THE COMMERCIALIZATION AND SCALING UP OF THE DEPLOYMENT OF EXISTING ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND THE PURSUIT OF THE CRITICAL INNOVATION NEEDED TO DEVELOP AND DEPLOY NEW ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES. WE’LL CLARIFY.

CONTENTION ONE IS COLLECTIVE PROSPERITY:

FIRST—OUR SOCIETY IS FAILING TO DELIVER ON THE PROMISE OF THE AMERICAN DREAM – OUR ECONOMIC SYSTEM IS LEAVING BEHIND MILLIONS OF HARD-WORKING AMERICANS AND DECIMATING THE MIDDLE CLASS.

Kochan et all 7 Thomas KOCHAN, George M. Bunker Professor of Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management and co-director of the MIT Workplace Center, AND Beth SHULMAN, consultant and author of The Betrayal of Work: How Low-Wage Jobs Fail 30 Million Americans, 2007 [“A New Social Contract: Restoring Dignity and Balance to the Economy,” Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper #184, February 22nd, Available Online at http://www.sharedprosperity.org/bp184.html, Accessed 11-17-2008]

The policies, institutions, and practices ... tailored to today's workforce, families, and economy.

SECOND—AMERICAN ENERGY POLICY IS FAILING—MONEY ISN’T SPENT ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND ENERGY RESEARCH IS REMOVED FROM THE MARKETPLACE

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, “Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability” Policy Briefing, February 2009

Federal energy efforts, meanwhile, ... energy technologies and processes.

SCENARIO A IS POVERTY THE CURRENT ECONOMIC DECLINE DEVASTATES THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MILLIONS OF AMERICANS, CREATING SYSTEMIC POVERTY

Kvaal 2/11 James KVAAL, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, AND Ben FURNAS, Research Associate at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, 02-11-2009 [“Recession, Poverty, and the Recovery Act: Millions Are at Risk of Falling Out of the Middle Class,” Center for American Progress, February 11th, Available Online at http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/middle_class_report.html]

The American economy is in a ...into poverty.

AND—DON’T CHECK YOUR CONSCIENCE AT THE DOOR – POVERTY IS AS UNACCEPTABLE AS SLAVERY – POLICYMAKERS HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO ADDRESS IT.

Miller 08 Scott MILLER, Chief Executive Officer of Move The Mountain—a national leadership center focused on training transformation leaders who will work to end poverty, 2008 [“The next giant step for the nation: Ending poverty one Circle™ at a time,” Aha! Process, Inc. Circles Campaign, February 7th, Available Online at http://blog.ahaprocess.com/?p=90, Accessed 02-11-2009]

So, here is a game plan: ... we need a strong will and resolve to end poverty today.

SCENARIO B IS EMPLOYMENT

UNEMPLOYMENT IS AT A 16-YEAR HIGH – JANUARY WAS THE WORST MONTH IN 25 YEARS.

LOS ANGELES TIMES, 02-07-2009 [“598,000 workers lose their jobs in January,” Byline Maura Reynolds and Walter Hamilton, February 7th, Available Online athttp://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-jobs7-2009feb07,0,153859.story, Accessed 02-16-2009]

Spooked by the deteriorating economy, ... unemployment rate to top 9% before improving.

AND—IT GETS WORSE – THE LATEST JOB LOSS NUMBERS WERE THE HIGHEST EVER RECORDED.

THE GUARDIAN, 02-12-2009 [“US unemployment climbs to a 32-year high,” Byline James Quinn, February 12th, Available Online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/4603856/US-unemployment-climbs-to-a-32-year-high.html, Accessed 02-16-2009]

Almost 5m Americans are regularly ... said Goldman Sachs chief US economist Jan Hatzius.

AND—THIS REPRESENTS A FUNDAMENTAL FAILURE TO FULFILL THE SOCIAL CONTRACT—A COMMITMENT TO FULL EMPLOYMENT IS CRUCIAL TO AFFIRM THE DIGNITY OF EVERY PERSON.

Kochan et all 7 Thomas KOCHAN, George M. Bunker Professor of Management at the MIT Sloan School of Management and co-director of the MIT Workplace Center, AND Beth SHULMAN, consultant and author of The Betrayal of Work: How Low-Wage Jobs Fail 30 Million Americans, 2007 [“A New Social Contract: Restoring Dignity and Balance to the Economy,” Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper #184, February 22nd, Available Online at http://www.sharedprosperity.org/bp184.html, Accessed 11-17-2008]

A viable social contract ... ordinary workers and their families.

FINALLY—STABLE EMPLOYMENT IS KEY TO INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING – INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT CONSTITUTES A SYSTEMIC HARM THAT IMPACTS MILLIONS OF LIVES.

Milton SCHWEBEL, Distinguished Professor in the Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology at Rutgers University, 1997 [“Job Insecurity as Structural Violence: Implications for Destructive Intergroup Conflict,” Peace & Conflict, Volume 3, Issue 4, December, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Academic Search Elite, p. 338-340]

Psychologists and other social scientists have ... and future consequences for good or ill.

CONTENTION TWO IS SOLVENCY

FIRST—PLAN IS KEY TO REVITALIZE METROPOLITAN AREAS – THIS IS CRUCIAL TO AN ECONOMIC RECOVERY.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, Feb 2, 2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf]

In effect, the e-DIIs would ... prosperity and sustainability of the nation.

SECOND—THE PLAN REVITALIZES RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES – THEY ARE EMPIRICALLY KEY TO ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.

THE SCIENCE COALITION, 02-11-2009 [“Basic Research Critical to America's Economic Recovery,” PR Newswire, February 11th, Available Online at http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY= /www/story/02-11-2009/0004970569&EDATE=]

Innovation fueled by basic research, ... include strong funding for the science agencies in its final legislation."

THIRD—THE PLAN WILL GENERATE IMMENSE SPILLOVER BENEFITS THAT WILL MASSIVELY BOOST THE ECONOMY – THE E-DII MODEL IS EMPIRICALLY SUCCESSFUL AT STIMULATING SUSTAINED JOB CREATION, INVESTMENT, AND GROWTH.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, Feb 2, 2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf]

Stimulating regional economic development, particularly in concert ... sustainable energy production and associated distribution infrastructure.

FOURTH—DUE TO INTERMITTENCY AND STORAGE, ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CREATES MILLIONS OF JOBS—40 MILLION JOBS ARE POSSIBLE WITH TRANSITION NOW

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, Feb 2, 2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf]

Much more of the new technology still ... could grow to 40 million (from 8.5 million today) by 2030.37

FINALLY—ENERGY INVESTMENTS ARE KEY TO JOB CREATION – BIGGEST MULTIPLIER EFFECT.

Bracken HENDRICKS, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, former Special Assistant to the Office of Vice President Al Gore and the Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and founding Executive Director and a National Steering Committee member of the Apollo Alliance for good jobs and energy independence, a coalition of labor, environmental, business and community leaders dedicated to changing the politics of energy independence, AND Benjamin GOLDSTEIN, Research Associate with the Domestic Policy Team and Fellows Department at the Center for American Progress, 11-10-2008 [“A Strategy for Green Recovery: Stimulating the Economy Today by Rebuilding for Future Prosperity,” Center for American Progress, November 10th, Available Online at http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2008/green_recovery_memo.html, Accessed 11-17-2008]

Confronting energy and climate challenges will ... more efficient over the long term.

CONTENTION THREE: THE TRUTH

THE NEGATIVE WILL ATTEMPT TO CONVINCE YOU THAT THE PLAN IS UNDESIRABLE BY APPEALING TO FAR-FETCHED SCENARIOS OF GLOBAL DESTRUCTION – WE ASK THAT YOU REJECT THEIR CONVOLUTED INTERNAL LINK CHAINS.

FIRST—“THERE’S ALWAYS A RISK” IS NOT A REASON TO VOTE NEGATIVE – LOW PROBABILITY INTERNAL LINK CHAINS SHOULD NOT BE USED AS AN EXCUSE TO REJECT THE PLAN.

Dale A. HERBECK, Professor of Communication and Director of the Fulton Debating Society at Boston College, AND John P. KATSULAS, Debate Coach at Boston College, 1992 [“The Use and Abuse of Risk Analysis in Policy Debate,” Paper Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (Chicago, IL), October 29th-November 1st, Available Online via ERIC Number ED354559, p. 10-12]

First, and foremost, we need to realize ... we should be willing to ignore minimal risks in debates.

SECOND—PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS WILL MAKE THE NEGATIVE’S EXTENDED INTERNAL LINK CHAINS APPEAR MORE CREDIBLE THAN THEY ACTUALLY ARE – DO NOT BE FOOLED – SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THESE SCENARIOS WILL REVEAL THEIR INTELLECTUAL BANKRUPTCY.

David M. BERUBE, Associate Professor of Speech Communication and Director of Debate at the University of South Carolina, 2000 [“Debunking Mini-max Reasoning: The Limits Of Extended Causal Chains In Contest Debating,” Contemporary Argumentation and Debate, Volume 21, Available Online at http://www.cedadebate.org/CAD/2000_berube.pdf, Accessed 04-05-2008, p. 64-69]

For the kritik aficionado, this hints at the ... reflect the biases mentioned above.

THIRD—REJECTING LOW PROBABILITY INTERNAL LINK CHAINS IS KEY TO RATIONAL POLICYMAKING – ACCUMULATED EXPERIENCE PROVES THAT APPEALS TO THE POSSIBILITY OF CATASTROPHIC CAUSAL CHAINS SHOULD NOT INFLUENCE OUR DECISION-MAKING.

Sven Ove HANSSON, Professor in the Department of Philosophy and the History of Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (Stockholm, Sweden), 2005 [“The Epistemology of Technological Risk,” Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, Volume 9, Number 2, Winter, Available Online at http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/SPT/v9n2/hansson.html, Accessed 10-08-2008]

However, it would not be feasible to take such ... has not been sufficiently systematized.

FINALLY—DISREGARD THE NEGATIVE’S PLEAS FOR YOU TO “JUDGE NORMALLY” AND REJECT THEIR ABSURD INTERNAL LINK CHAINS – IMPROVING RISK CALCULATION IS KEY TO MEANINGFUL EDUCATION IN DEBATE.

Dale A. HERBECK, Professor of Communication and Director of the Fulton Debating Society at Boston College, AND John P. KATSULAS, Debate Coach at Boston College, 1992 [“The Use and Abuse of Risk Analysis in Policy Debate,” Paper Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association (Chicago, IL), October 29th-November 1st, Available Online via ERIC Number ED354559, p. 10-12]

It is sometimes argued that debate is a laboratory for ... battle with the bogeymen of our age.21

CONTENTION FOUR: EXTINCTION POLITICS

NUCLEAR WAR WILL ABSOLUTELY NOT LEAD TO EXTINCTION – SCHELL AND COMPANY ARE JUST WRONG

Martin ‘84, {Brian, Scientists Against Nuclear Arms Newsletter, “Extinction Politics”, May 16th, pp.5-6}

By the 1950s, a large number of ... thereby greatly extending reserves of food.

CLAIMS OF NUCLEAR WAR FOSTER INACTION AND POLITICAL PARALYSIS

Martin 1982 (Brian, Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong and a physicist whose research interests include stratospheric modeling, former faculty at the Department of Math and Science at the Australian National University, “Critique of Nuclear Extinction,” http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/82jpr.html)

For many people, nuclear war ... oppose it in their day-to-day lives.

DETERRENCE CHECKS A NUCLEAR CONFLICT.

Walsh, Lieutenant colonel in Air Force, ’85 [Edward, “Nuclear War Opposing Viewpoints, p. 48]

The most difficult keynote of this new day ... it is unfeasible and untenable technically.

ASSASSINATION OF COMMANDERS ENSURES A NUCLEAR STRIKE WILL NEVER OCCUR.

Walsh, Lieutenant colonel in Air Force, ’85 [Edward, “Nuclear War Opposing Viewpoints, p. 51]

No president or dictator ... to be subjected to a retaliatory holocaust.

MAJOR WAR IS OBSOLETE – MULTIPLE FACTORS PREVENT ESCALATION AND CONFLICT

Mandelbaum, American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1999 (Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/cfr10/)

My argument says, tacitly, that while this point of view, ... will become, slowly, haltingly but increasingly, like that.

FINALLY, THE DISADS ARE NOT UNIQUE

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY NOW IN THE STIMULUS – AND CAP AND TRADE IS COMING

Rhee 3-5 Deputy National Political Editor for the Boston Globe [Foon, Political Intelligence, Kerry: Clean energy revolution coming (http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/03/kerry_clean_ene.html)]

Kerry noted that the ... to start preparing to take advantage of it."

RPS WILL PASS IN APRIL WITH MORE AFTER THAT

New York Times 2/20/09 [Next Up: A Renewable Portfolio Standard?]

Advocates of renewable energy got...or even a carbon tax.

Broken at IHSA States, ran in Quarters v. GBS QZ and Semis v GBN MS. The below version was ran in finals.

Energy-Discovery Innovation Institutes Affirmative

Broken at Districts

Ran at Districts and ISTA States

CONTENTION ONE: INHERENCY

BILLIONS WERE GIVEN TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IN THE STIMULUS

EPM 2/16 [Ethanol Producer Magazine, February 16, 2009, http://ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=5388]

The renewable energy...activities and projects.

HOWEVER, CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE TO MEET CURRENT AND FUTURE ENERGY CHALLENGES

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, Feb 2, 2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf

The time has come, then...to stabalize greenhouse has emissions.

AND, THE STIMULUS WILL FAIL—ONLY LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS IN INFASTRUCTURE CAN SAVE THE ECONOMY

Neely 11/7 (Stephanie Neely, Treasurer of city of Chicago, The Huffington Post, “Investing in our Nation’s Infrastructure” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephanie-neely/investing-inour-nations_b_142120.html

A second economic stimulus package...in our nation's infrastructure.

THUS WE OFFER THE FOLLOWING PLAN:

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ESTABLISH AND FULLY FUND A NATIONAL NETWORK OF REGIONALLY BASED ENERGY DISCOVERY-INNOVATION INSTITUTES TO SERVE AS THE HUBS OF A DISTRIBUTED RESEARCH NETWORK TASKED WITH THE COMMERCIALIZATION AND SCALING UP OF THE DEPLOYMENT OF EXISTING RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES AND THE PURSUIT OF THE CRITICAL INNOVATION NEEDED TO DEVELOP AND DEPLOY NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES. WE’LL CLARIFY.

ADVANTAGE ONE: ECONOMIC RECOVERY

WE WILL ISOLATE TWO IMPACTS—THE FIRST IS GLOBAL:

ECONOMIC RECOVERY IS KEY TO PREVENT WAR – EMPIRICALLY PROVEN.

Walter Russell MEAD, Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, 02-04-2009 [“Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, February 4th, Available Online at http://www.tnr.com/story_print.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8, Accessed 01-25-2009]

None of which means that we can just sit back and enjoy the recession ... we may still have to fight.

AND—THIS WAR WOULD INCLUDE NUCLEAR AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.

Phil KERPEN, Policy Director for Americans for Prosperity, an organization of grassroots leaders who engage citizens in the name of limited government and free markets on the local, state and federal levels, 10-28-2008 [“From Panic to Depression?,” The National Review, Available Online at http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQ3ZGYzZTQyZGY4ZWFiZWUxNmYwZTJiNWVkMTIxMmU=, Accessed 10-30-2008]

It’s important that we avoid all these policy errors ... conflicts on an even greater scale.

AND—FAILURE TO RECOVER CAUSES RUSSIAN INVASION WITH NUCLEAR WEAPONS - ECONOMIC WEAKNESS IS THEIR ONLY CHANCE AT VICTORY

NYQUIST, 9/19 (J.R., Former Contractor in Soviet/Russian Analysis Group for U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Former Ph.D. Student at UC-Irvine in Political Sociology, and widely syndicated columnist and published author, “Financial Collapse and Destructive War,” www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2008/0919.html

If the United States went bankrupt...genie from its bottle.

AND—US-RUSSIAN WAR CAUSES EXTINCTION—OUTWEIGHS ALL OTHER CONFLICTS

Bostrom—2002 (Dr. Nick Bostrom is a Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, 3/8/02 www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html

A much greater existential risk...than other animal species.

THE SECOND IMPACT IS LOCAL:

ECONOMIC DECLINE DEVASTATES THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF MILLIONS OF AMERICANS – POVERTY IS ON THE RISE.

James KVAAL, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, AND Ben FURNAS, Research Associate at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, 02-11-2009 [“Recession, Poverty, and the Recovery Act: Millions Are at Risk of Falling Out of the Middle Class,” Center for American Progress, February 11th, Available Online at www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/02/middle_class_report.html Accessed 02-11-2009]

The American economy is in a recession that is 14 months old ... 12 million will fall into poverty.

AND—THIS PREVENTS PEOPLE FROM MEETING BASIC NEEDS – THE IMPACT IS LINEAR. Michael COLLINS, writer who focuses on clean elections and voting rights and publisher of the web site ElectionFraudNews.com, 02-10-2009 [“Averting further economic disaster,” Online Journal, February 10th, Available at http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_4340.shtml Accessed 02-11-2009] The human costs of the U. S. financial crisis are coming into clear focus ... about basic needs – food and shelter.

AND—POLICYMAKERS HAVE A MORAL OBLIGATION TO PREVENT POVERTY - AS IMMORAL AS SLAVERY.

Scott MILLER, Chief Executive Officer of Move The Mountain—a national leadership center focused on training transformation leaders who will work to end poverty, 2008 [“The next giant step for the nation: Ending poverty one Circle™ at a time,” Aha! Process, Inc. Circles Campaign, February 7th, Available Online at http://blog.ahaprocess.com/?p=90, Accessed 02-11-2009]

So, here is a game plan: Let’s help 1,000 families out of poverty and show the nation ... strong will and resolve to end poverty today.

THE PLAN SOLVES THESE IMPACTS.

FIRST—IT IS KEY TO REVITALIZE METROPOLITAN AREAS – THIS IS CRUCIAL TO AN ECONOMIC RECOVERY.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009] And as it happens, the new discovery centers would also serve as a new stimulus ... prosperity and sustainability of the nation.

SECOND—THE PLAN REVITALIZES RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES – THEY ARE EMPIRICALLY KEY TO ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.

THE SCIENCE COALITION, 02-11-2009 [“Basic Research Critical to America's Economic Recovery,” PR Newswire, February 11th, Available Online at http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY= /www/story/02-11-2009/0004970569&EDATE=, Accessed 02-11-2009] Innovation fueled by basic research, much of it conducted at universities across the country ... science agencies in its final legislation.

FINALLY—THE PLAN WILL GENERATE IMMENSE SPILLOVER BENEFITS THAT WILL MASSIVELY BOOST THE ECONOMY – THE E-DII MODEL IS EMPIRICALLY SUCCESSFUL AT STIMULATING SUSTAINED JOB CREATION, INVESTMENT, AND GROWTH.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009]

6. Stimulate regional economic development ... associated distribution infrastructure.

ADVANTAGE TWO: RESOURCE WARS

FIRST—THE CURRENT FOSSIL FUEL ECONOMY MAKES EXTINCTION INEVITABLE – ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION AND NUCLEAR RESOURCE WARS.

Roland Michel TREMBLAY, French author and researcher at the University of London, 2008 [“Energy crisis: a time bomb about to go nuclear,” The People’s Voice, August 31st, Available Online at http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/cgi-bin/blogs/voices.php/2108/08/31/energy_crisis_a_time_bomb_about_to_go_nu, Accessed 11-10-2008]

One of the main reasons for wars right now in this world is energy related ... nuclear war does not achieve the very same result first.

SECOND—THE COMING GLOBAL FOSSIL FUEL PEAK IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF ALL MAJOR IMPACTS INCLUDING CLIMATE CHANGE, RESOURCE WARS, FOOD SHORTAGES, AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE. ONLY A TRANSITION AWAY FROM SCARCE FOSSIL FUELS CAN PREVENT EXTINCTION.

Richard HEINBERG, Senior Fellow at the Post-Carbon Institute, 2007 [“#185: Peak Everything,” MuseLetter #185, an edited version of the Introduction to Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines, September, Available Online at http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/185, Accessed 12-04-2008] As we have seen, just a few core trends have driven many others in producing the global problems ... a future worth working toward.

PLAN IS KEY TO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP AND ENERGY BREAKTHROUGHS NECESSARY TO SOLVE GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009] 2. Social benefits from R&D and new technology adoption often outweigh private benefits ... infrastructure already supports the oil, coal, and gas economy.

ADDITIONALLY, AFOREMENTIONED FEDERAL LEADERSHIP ON ENERGY POLICY KEY TO ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP– CURRENT STATE ACTION ISN’T NOTICED John Podesta, Todd Stern, and Kit Batten, President and Chief Executive Officer of American Progress. Podesta served as Chief of Staff to President William J. Clinton, Stern is Senior Fellow at American Progress, focusing on climate change and environmental issues. He is a partner at Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr, where he is Vice Chair of the firm's Public Policy and Strategy practice, Batten is Managing Director for Energy and Environmental Policy and is a Ph.D. ecologist. November 27, 2007, “Capturing the Energy Opportunity: Creating a Low-Carbon Economy”, Center for American Progress, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2007/11/energy_chapter.html

At a gathering pace ... paramount, both at home and abroad.

SECOND, ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP IS KEY TO PREVENT SEA TURTLE EXTINCTION - WTO PROTECTION

Berger, ’99 - Columbia University School of Law, Class of 2000; B.A., Dartmouth College, 1995 ( Joseph Robert Berger, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, “Unilateral Trade Measures to Conserve the World's Living Resources: An Environmental Breakthrough For the GATT In the WTO Sea Turtle Case, 1999, 24 Colum. J Envtl. L 355, Lexis)

The WTO's most difficult ... is needed the most.

THIRD, SEA TURTLES ARE A KEYSTONE SPECIES- EXTINCTION WOULD HAVE A DEVASTATING EFFECT ON THE ECOSYSTEM.

IAC, 6 (Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles, Sea Turtles and Fisheries, May 2006, http://www.iacseaturtle.org/iacseaturtle/English/download/Pesquerias%20FINAL%20-%20ENG.pdf) What happens to fisheries ... reduce their incidental capture.

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION

Craig, Associate Prof Law, Indiana U School Law, 2003 (McGeorge Law Review, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155 Lexis)

Biodiversity and ecosystem function ... and we will take most of the biosphere with us.

US ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP KEY TO PREVENT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION RISKING PLANETARY EXTINCTION Harris in 1—Lecturer at Lignan University in Hong Kong and Associate Fellow at the Oxford Center for Environment, Ethics, and Society at Mansfield College in Oxford University (Paul G, The Environment, International Relations, and U.S. Foreign Policy, pg. 253-255)

In addition to promoting U.S. global interests ... United States in similar circumstances.

CONTENTION FOUR: SOLVENCY

FIRST—THE CREATION OF ENERGY DISCOVERY-INNOVATION INSTITUTES IS VITAL TO TRANSFORM THE WAY AMERICA APPROACHES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT – THE PLAN IS KEY.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009]

And so the federal government should move to accelerate the search for scalable breakthrough ... research universities and federal laboratories.

SECOND—THIS PARADIGM SHIFT IS NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT TO ACHIEVE REVOLUTIONARY ENERGY BREAKTHROUGHS – A NETWORKED, MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IS KEY.

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009]

However, both the complexity of America’s energy challenge argue that the nation ... established across the United States through the Land Grant Acts to build a modern industrial nation.

THIRD —THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS UNIQUELY KEY TO SOLVING R+D – REGULATORY RESPONSES, GAPS IN PRICING, AND A FULL SYSTEM OF ENGAGEMENT

James DUDERSTADT, President Emeritus and University Professor of Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, ET AL., with Mark Muro, Fellow and Policy Director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, Gary Was, Director of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Energy Institute, Andrea Sarzynski, Assistant Research Professor at the George Washington Institute of Public Policy, Robert McGrath, Deputy Laboratory Director of Science & Technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Michael Corradini, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics, Linda Katehi, Provost, Vice Chancellor of Academic Affairs, and Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois, and Rick Shangraw, Vice-President for Research and Economic Affairs at Arizona State University, 02-09-2009 [“Energy Discovery-Innovation Institutes: A Step toward America's Energy Sustainability,” A Report by the Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program, Available Online at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2009/0209_energy_innovation_muro/0209_energy_innovation_muro_full.pdf, Accessed 02-10-2009]

And yet, most state and local governments have limited capacity to expand their efforts ... investment in energy innovation in the lap of the federal government.

FINALLY - A BROAD ARRAY OF ENERGY OPTIONS IS KEY TO SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES - LETTING GO OF BAD OPTIONS IS NORMAL MEANS

John P. HOLDREN, Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy and Director of the Program on Science, Technology, and Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Professor of Environmental Science and Policy in Harvard's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Director of the Woods Hole Research Center, President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Chair of the Editorial Advisory Board of Innovations—an academic journal covering the intersection of technology and policy, 2006 [“The Energy Innovation Imperative: Addressing Oil Dependence, Climate Change, and Other 21st Century Energy Challenges,” Innovations, Spring, Available Online at http://www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/policy_library/data/energy_innovation, Accessed 02-11-2009]

A further implication of the characteristics of today's energy challenges is that society ... possible by one or two new options alone.

Maine East 1AC

The Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase all necessary loan guarantees for the development and implementation of integral fast reactors in the United States.

Contention One: Nuclear Leadership

Billions in loan guarantees were given to alternative energy EPM 2/16 [Ethanol Producer Magazine, February 16, 2009, http://ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=5388] The renewable energy, biofuels and biomass...loans for these projects.

And, 4 billion has been given to nuclear power for R and D Charleston Review 1/13 Charleston Regional Business Journal, January 13, 2009 Passed in an attempt...nuclear power plants.

However, federal funding for reprocessing construction is prohibited Pomper 7 Miles Pomper is editor of Arms Control Today, a monthly journal of authoritative information and analysis published by the Arms Control Association. 7/8, 2008 Research Project Publication GNEP Watch: Developments in the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership A monthly report prepared by Miles Pomper in Washington DC for the CIGI Nuclear Energy Futures Project The Centre for International Governance Innovation NUCLEAR ENERGY FUTURES http://www.cigionline.org/community.igloo?r0=community&r0_script=/scripts/folder/view.script&r0_pathinfo=/{7caf3d23-023d-494b-865b-84d143de9968}/Research/nuclear/publicat&r0_output=xml Congress has largely sided...house had proposed.

Countries are using unsafe PUREX reprocessing –American leadership is key to transition HANNUM 07 [William H. Hannum prof @ Syracuse University, a senior official with the Department of Energy, retired physicist from Argonne National Laboratory. 15 April 2007 “Recycling Nuclear Waste American Physical Society Special Session onNuclear Reprocessing, Nuclear Proliferation, and Terrorism” http://www.gemarsh.com/wp-content/uploads/Recycling_APS_07.pdf] Nuclear power will be rapidly...counter-proliferation strategy.

Scenario A: Terrorism

The United States must deploy nuclear safeguards to solve terrorism HANNUM AND MARSH 04 [William H. Hannum prof @ Syracuse University, a senior official with the Department of Energy, retired physicist from Argonne National Laboratory. Gerald E. Marsh is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, who has worked and published widely in the areas of science, nuclear power, and foreign affairs. July 2004 http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2004/july/hannum.html] Safeguards involve physical protection...develop such technologies.

Terrorists can easily steal plutonium from PUREX LYMAN 08 [Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security April 2008 “Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership” http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel] In contrast, plutonium that has...in a spent fuel assembly.

Terrorists have dedicated themselves to stealing WMDs – they try 150 times per year Senator Joseph Lieberman, December 11, 2008 HEARING OF THE SENATE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS SUBJECT: PREVENTION OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION The point here is...been reported stolen.

Terrorists have a religious obligation to acquire and use nuclear weapons Perry 1 William Perry, former Secretary of Defense, 2001 [Foreign Affairs, "Preparing for the Next Attack," Nov/Dec, LN] Nuclear or biological weapons...demand is high.

Terrorist attack will happen by 2013 – conclusive studies Smith 8 “Nuclear or Biological Attack Likely by 2013, Report Says” Diane Smith 16:25, December 2nd 2008, http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Nuclear_or_Biological_Attack_Likely_by_2013_Report_Says_30423.html The risk of a biological attack...weapons of mass destruction

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction – several scenarios Corsi 5 Jerome, PhD in Political Science from Harvard,(Atomic Iran, p. 176-8) The United States retaliates...inflicted upon America.

Scenario B: Russia

Unsafe MOX reprocessing cycles in Russia pose threats of theft and accident – no security Nuclear Control Institute 2/17 [“Nuclear Terrorism—How to Prevent it” http://www.nci.org/nuketerror.htm, The Nuclear Control Institute, since its inception in 1981, has been analyzing the risks of nuclear terrorism and seeking to alert policymakers and the public to the danger. Updated February 17, 2009] Since the collapse of the Soviet Union...approach would necessitate.

The plan increases US and global demand for nuclear fuel, supercharging conversion of Russia's nuclear warheads to civilian use – key to spur cooperation Timbers 3 William Timbers president and CEO of the USEC, explains in 2k3: Timbers, President and Chief Executive Officer USEC Inc, 9-19-2k3 (William, "Nuclear Power & Global Security: Mutual Interest, Mutual Opportunities, Delivered at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Second International Non-Proliferation Conference Moscow, Russia. P. http://www.usec.com/v2001_02/Content/News/Speeches/09-19-03-CEIPMoscowRemarks.pdf ) While significant steps have been...securing weapons materials.

Absent cooperation and conversion, accidental Russian launch is inevitable Hecker 1 “Thoughts about an Integrated Strategy for Nuclear Cooperation with Russia”, The NonProliferation Review, Volume 8, Number 2, Dr. Siegfried S. Hecker is a Senior Fellow at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. He was Director of the laboratory from 1986 through 1997. Dr. Hecker has interacted closely with the Russian nuclear weapons complex since the exchange visit of Russian and U.S. nuclear weapons laboratory directors in February 1992. Although the breakup of the Soviet Union...in the adversary case.

Russian accidental launch causes retaliatory nuclear war PR Newswire, April 29, 1998, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, “NEJM Study Warns of Increasing Risk of Accidental Nuclear Attack” l/n Despite the end of the Cold War, American and Russian...billions of casualties worldwide.

And, failure to secure Russian stockpiles risks several scenarios for extinction Speice ’06 [Patrick Speice, JD Candidate, “Negligence and nuclear nonproliferation: eliminating the current liability barrier to bilateral U.S.-Russian nonproliferation assistance programs.” William and Mary Law Review. 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February 1, 2006, Lexis] Terrorist groups could acquire a nuclear...escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

Advantage Two: Economy

Nuclear power is key to the economy – jobs, electricity prices, and price spikes [Forbes, 06.17.08, “Nuclear Energy's Resurgence Promises to Spur Job Growth”, http://www.forbes.com/prnewswire/feeds/prnewswire/2008/06/17/prnewswire200806171059PR_NEWS_USPR_____NETU094.html] Although interest among students ... and hurt our global competitiveness.

The current job market is crushing consumer confidence and setting the stage for economic decline – more jobs are key Reuters in 8 (“Weak Confidence, Prices Stroke U.S. Stagflation Fears; Housing Worsens. Collapse in Home Prices Accelerates to Record Pace”, 2-27-08, Lexis-Nexus Academic) U.S. consumer confidence slumped ... in nearly five years.

Economic collapse inevitable without consumer confidence MarketWatch 1/12/09 “Atlanta Fed president starts effort to bolster confidence” Dennis Lockhart, the president ... over the rest of the week.

Price spikes will collapse the economy Dr. Sovacool, & Cooper, 7 – *Senior Research Fellow for the Network for New Energy Choices in New York and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University in Blacksburg, VA and ** Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices (Benjamin K. Sovacool, also a Research Fellow at the Centre for Asia and Globalization at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Christopher Cooper, Renewing America: The Case for Federal Leadership on a National Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), Network for New Energy Choices • Report No. 01-07, June, 2007, http://www.newenergychoices.org/dev/uploads/RPS%20Report_Cooper_Sovacool_FINAL_HILL.pdf) The enormous price spikes ... move their facilities overseas.

The entire economic system is dependent on a quick shift to nuclear – oil will fail and renewables are on the way out – absent nuclear, a collapse is inevitable Huber and Mills 5 (Peter, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute writing on the issues of drug development, energy, technology, and the law. He is also a regular contributor to Forbes where he writes about issues regards science, technology, health care, and the energy industries; and Mark, technology strategist, energy consultant and president of the research-consulting firm Mills McCarthy and Associates Inc, “Why the U.S. Needs More Nuclear Power,” City Journal, Winter, http://www.city-journal.org/html/15_1_nuclear_power.html) The U.S. today consumes about ... faster, in less space.

American economic collapse causes Russian and Chinese invasions and nuclear annihlation NYQUIST, 9/19/08 (J.R., Former Contractor in Soviet/Russian Analysis Group for U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Former Ph.D. Student at UC-Irvine in Political Sociology, and widely syndicated columnist and published author, “Financial Collapse and Destructive War,” http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2008/0919.html) If the United States went bankrupt ... then the rest are fodder.

US-Russian War causes extinction Bostrom—2002 (Dr. Nick Bostrom is a Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, 3/8/02 www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html) A much greater existential risk ... than other animal species.

Contention Three: Solvency

The IFR is chemically incapable of proliferation Stanford 01 [George S. Stanford, Ph.D., nuclear reactor physicist, writer for the National Center of Public Policy Research, December 2001, “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power”] What is the best argument for it? Proliferation prevention...chemical purity needed for weapons.

IFRs are safe and accident-proof Stanford 01 [George S. Stanford, Ph.D., nuclear reactor physicist, writer for the National Center of Public Policy Research, December 2001, “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power”] How safe are IFRs? While the safety record ... corrosive like water is.

And, IFR tech will be modeled internationally Stanford 06 [George, PhD, a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. B.Sc. with Honours, Acadia University; M.A.,Wesleyan University; Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics, Yale University, interview with Ann Curtis (Washburn University nuclear technology), August 8, hosted temporarily at http://www.cross-x.com/vb/showthread.php?p=1600390#post1600390] 6. If the US were to ... to feel the consequences.

And, Substantial federal loan guarantees are critical to accessing investor perception and capital – assures investors of long term federal support Lyash 7 – president and CEO, Progress Energy Florida (Jeffrey, “DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER HOLDS A MEETING TO PROPOSE POLICIES AND PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAM AUTHORIZED BY TITLE XVII OF THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005,” Political Transcript Wire, June 19, L/n) In my comments today, I want to emphasize ... we need as soon as possible.

IFRs are the most economic energy option because of fewer core components Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley “An Introduction to Argonne National Laboratory's INTEGRAL FAST REACTOR (IFR) PROGRAM http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/ifr.html July 25th 2003 For a new power source to be ... of a commercial sized plant.

The federal government thinks nuclear is alternative – and there’s hundreds of renewables Simon 7 [Simon, Political Science Professor at University of Nevada at Reno – Ph.D. From Washington State, 7 (Christopher, “Overview of Alternative Energy and Fuels and their Uses,” Alternative energy: political, economic, and social feasibility, p. 39-41)] In this chapter, the book focuses ... for their communities, states, or nations.

We’ll always win timeframe – we need to start building the IFR as soon as possible, or it will never be an option Kirsch 08 (Steve- BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT, the founder and CEO of Propel Software Corporation In addition to his charitable endeavors. Mr. Kirsch is a member of several nonprofit boards, including the Community Foundation Silicon Valley, and on the Undergraduate Education Visiting Committee of MIT, August 10, 2008"The IFR project the silver bullet we need to stop global warming," http://www.skirsch.com/politics/globalwarming/ifr.htm---bgaston) We are running out of time ... or that option will be lost forever.

IFR’s prove to be only viable alternative with stable priced-recycling technology allows fuel for centuries on already mined uranium and waste from squo plants. Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley “An Introduction to Argonne National Laboratory's INTEGRAL FAST REACTOR (IFR) PROGRAM http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/ifr.html July 25th 2003 There is sufficient fuel ... material for the foreseeable future.

Only the DOE has authority to provide loan guarantees to American plants Millikin 8 [October 2, 2008, Mike Millikin was an editor and analyst in the IT industry for more than 15 years, starting with distributed systems and working all the way through the Internet boom. He was the executive responsible for NetWorld+Interop, the global interoperability event, and the COMDEX computer tradeshow. He ran the online division of Red Herring, and consulted for Internet security and content management systems companies., “DOE Receives 19 Loan Guarantee Applications for Nuclear Power Plant Construction” PHD Northwestern, http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/10/doe-receives-19.html] The US Department of Energy ... pollutants and greenhouse gases.

And, $200 billion is needed - federal backing of loans is the only way to spur investment Forbes 8 (Brian Wingfield, staff writer, and Joshua Zumbrun, staff writer, “Nukes Need Money”, Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/2008/08/05/nuclear-congress-energy-biz-beltway-cx_jz_bw_0806nuclear.html) There's a concern tempering the industry buzz ... fund more-leveraged projects.

A2: Prolif Good

Turn – Accidental Launch New nuclear states will deploy without solving control issues causing accidental launch Nathan E. Busch, assistant professor of political science at Christopher Newport University, 10/8/2004, “No End in Sight: The continuing menace of nuclear proliferation”, p. 289 As these accounts suggest, the risks of ... nuclear weapons and related materials.

That results in extinction. PR Newswire, April 29, 1998, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, “NEJM Study Warns of Increasing Risk of Accidental Nuclear Attack” An 'accidental' nuclear attack would ... billions of casualties worldwide.

Nuclear peace theory oversimplifies state behavior and can’t predict specific cases Nathan E. Busch, assistant professor of political science at Christopher Newport University, 10/8/04, “No End in Sight: The continuing menace of nuclear proliferation”, p. 313 While abstract theorizing can be found ... recommendations that are more sound.

Prolif is the only scenario for escalation– nationalism and values warp rational decision calculus Chris Gagné, Research Associate, Confidence-Building Measures project, "Nuclear Risk Reduction In South Asia: Building on Common Ground," The Stability-Instability Paradox: Nuclear Weapons and Brinksmanship in South Asia, Report No. 38, June, 2001, http://www.stimson.org/southasia/pdf/NRRMGagne.pdf Waltz and Hagerty argue that nuclear ... caused a nuclear war.

Miscalculation is inevitable – organizations aren’t omniscient and focuses on political goals. Scott Sagan, professor of political science at Stanford University and co-director of Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation, won three teaching awards for his undergraduate lecture courses at Stanford, 2003, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate” Charles Perrow's Normal Accidents argues ... accident-prone procedures or structures.

A2: Japan CP

Only the DOE has authority to provide loan guarantees to American plants - at the very least, they need involvement, meaning the CP links to politics Millikin 8 [October 2, 2008, Mike Millikin was an editor and analyst in the IT industry for more than 15 years, starting with distributed systems and working all the way through the Internet boom. He was the executive responsible for NetWorld+Interop, the global interoperability event, and the COMDEX computer tradeshow. He ran the online division of Red Herring, and consulted for Internet security and content management systems companies., “DOE Receives 19 Loan Guarantee Applications for Nuclear Power Plant Construction” PHD Northwestern, http://www.greencarcongress.com/2008/10/doe-receives-19.html] The US Department of Energy ... pollutants and greenhouse gases.

China-Japan DA A. Non-Mutual Energy Cooperation between the Japan and China Aggrivates China And Energy Tensions already put Japan-Sino relations on the brink

AFP 2/12/2009 (dedicated broadcast journalists in 30 production centres around the world, supported by AFP’s network of 2,200 reporters and photographers, producing daily reports, features and interviews.<http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1GISAudwVdmP5VclLAb-mkEY5zg “China says Japan warned on disputed islands >

Beijing said it had issued a sharp warning.... the islands by each other's vessels.

B. Uniqueness magnifies common knowledge-Perceived Increase in U.S. – Japan energy alliance increases tension among China that will break out into conflict - China-Japan Tensions Uniquely Exacerbate Risk of US-Sino War

Aaron Matthews. March 27 2003. (“The US-Japan Alliance and the Causes of Insecurity in North - East Asia”. electronic journal of contemporary japanese studies. Book Review. http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/reviews/Matthews.html#About%20the%20Author) (Aaron Matthews is a PhD candidate of the Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales. He is based in Tokyo to conduct research on Japan’s approach to missile defence. He has a Master of Arts in Strategic Studies from the Australian National University and a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Political Science from Otago University.)

Over the last decade a number of books....UN global security mechanisms.

C. US-Sino War results in nuclear holocaust

Chalmers Johnson, Former Professor of Poly Sci @ Berkeley, Former Chairman of the Department and Chair of the Center for Chinese Studies, 5-14-01, The Nation, n19v272 p. 20, L/N

China is another matter...have virtually no deterrent effect.

Politics Link Turns

Plan Popular 1. Link Turn – A. Reprocessing has bipartisan support Daniel Horner, editor for Yucca Mountain News, 4-23-2007, “Bills to set up fuel bank draw bipartisan support in Congress” L/N The idea of ... both chambers.

2. Link Turn – A. Plan is promoted as a part of GNEP OneWorld.net, 11-26-2007 (Staff Writer Haider Rizvi, Bush’s Nuclear ‘Reprocessing’ Plan Under Fire, http://us.oneworld.net/issues/energy/-/article/bushs-nuclear-reprocessing-plan-under-fire)

The reprocessing ... nuclear weapons.

B. GNEP is Bipartisan, key to agenda PR Newswire 07 [PR Newswire, January 24, 2007, “Council Applauds Advanced Energy Initiatives”, US Newswire, Lexis] "We support the vision ... restore U.S. nuclear energy preeminence.

3. Link Turn - Pyroprocessing Bipart In Congress – DoD Procurement and GNEP popularity AP 99 [Associated Press, April 4, 1999, Lexis] Since then, DOE ... processes for fast reactor spent fuel.

Plan Unpopular

1. link turn - Congress Hates Reprocessing OneWorld.net, 11-26-2007 (Staff Writer Haider Rizvi, Bush’s Nuclear ‘Reprocessing’ Plan Under Fire, http://us.oneworld.net/issues/energy/-/article/bushs-nuclear-reprocessing-plan-under-fire)

The Bush administration ... other spending plans next month

2. link turn – A plan is promoted as a part of GNEP OneWorld.net, 11-26-2007 (Staff Writer Haider Rizvi, Bush’s Nuclear ‘Reprocessing’ Plan Under Fire, http://us.oneworld.net/issues/energy/-/article/bushs-nuclear-reprocessing-plan-under-fire)

The reprocessing ... for nuclear weapons.

B – GNEP is unpopular – empirically proven

Richard Weitz – is a Senior Fellow and Director of Program Management at Hudson Institute. March 2008 Issue “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership: Progress, Problems, and Prospects” http://www.wmdinsights.com/I23/I23_G2_GlobalNuclearEnergy.htm

Members of Congress remain unenthusiastic about GNEP... about the long-term costs of the initiative, which could amount to billions of dollars. [49]

3. Link Turn - Eight Senators adamantly appose the plan - they control DoE funding Leonor Tomero, Director for Nuclear Non-Proliferation at the Center for Arms Control, and Travis Sharp, communications Director and Military Policy Analyst at the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 11-21-07, Eight Senators Call For Reduced Nuclear Reprocessing Funding, http://www.armscontrolcenter.org/audience/media/senators_call_for_reduced_gnep/

Washington, D.C. – The Center for Arms Control ... of commercial spent nuclear fuel.

4. Link Turn – Recent spending cuts prove the majority of congress is against reprocessing. EnergyWashington Week, 7-2-2008, Newsroom Notes, Lexis Sen. Pete Domenici (R-NM)... the Bush administration's signature nuclear power initiative to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, as we reported.

Emory Plan Text

The United States federal government should substantially increase federal loan guarantees for the development and implementation of integral fast reactors in the United States.

Econ Advantage (Emory)

Scenario A is Jobs

Nuclear power is a catalyst to promote jobs at every level, from the top to the bottom, and prevent electricity and blackout problems (Forbes, 06.17.08, “Nuclear Energy's Resurgence Promises to Spur Job Growth”, http://www.forbes.com/prnewswire/feeds/prnewswire/2008/06/17/prnewswire200806171059PR_NEWS_USPR_____NETU094.html, [Miller]) Although interest among students ... John Engler, President and CEO, National Association of Manufacturers

And, jobs are key to the economy – solves consumer confidence and stagflation Reuters in 8 (“Weak Confidence, Prices Stroke U.S. Stagflation Fears; Housing Worsens. Collapse in Home Prices Accelerates to Record Pace”, 2-27-08, Lexis-Nexus Academic) U.S. consumer confidence slumped ... in nearly five years.

Economic Decline causes nuclear and biological war Kerpen, 10-28 Phil, policy director for Americans for Prosperity From Panic to Depression?, http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWQ3ZGYzZTQyZGY4ZWFiZWUxNmYwZTJiNWVkMTIxMmU= It’s important that we ... an even greater scale.

American economic collapse causes Russian and Chinese invasions NYQUIST, 9/19/08 (J.R., Former Contractor in Soviet/Russian Analysis Group for U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Former Ph.D. Student at UC-Irvine in Political Sociology, and widely syndicated columnist and published author, “Financial Collapse and Destructive War,” http://www.financialsense.com/stormwatch/geo/pastanalysis/2008/0919.html) If the United States went ... the rest are fodder.

US-Russian War causes extinction Bostrom—2002 (Dr. Nick Bostrom is a Professor of Philosophy and Global Studies at Yale, 3/8/02 www.transhumanist.com/volume9/risks.html) A much greater existential ... extinction than other animal species.

US-Chinese war causes extinction Johnson, 1—Esteemed author of over a dozen books (Chalmers, The Nation, Time to Bring the Troops Home, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010514/johnson) China is another matter ... a nuclear holocaust.

Scenario B: Electricity An economic trainwreck in the electricity sector is inevitable – utility companies lack the capital to simultaneously upgrade the grid, infrastructure and meet new demand – this will cause electricity price spikes that will destroy the economy Farrell 7 –President and CEO, Dominion Power (Thomas, 02-19-07, “Averting a Potential Capital Crisis in the Power Sector”, http://nei.org/newsandevents/speechesandtestimony/2007/narucroundtableextended //VR) But the word “felicitous” really ... a basic public necessity.

Nuclear power is vital to reducing overall electricity prices and providing reliable baseload generation Spencer and Loris, 8 --- *Jack is Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy and ** Nick is Research Assistant in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation. (6/19, Critics of Nuclear Power's Costs Miss the Point, http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/wm1961.cfm) Carbon-capping legislation and ... should be built at all.

The entire economic system is dependent on a quick shift to nuclear – oil will fail and renewables are on the way out Huber and Mills 5 (Peter, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute writing on the issues of drug development, energy, technology, and the law. He is also a regular contributor to Forbes where he writes about issues regards science, technology, health care, and the energy industries; and Mark, technology strategist, energy consultant and president of the research-consulting firm Mills McCarthy and Associates Inc, “Why the U.S. Needs More Nuclear Power,” City Journal, Winter, http://www.city-journal.org/html/15_1_nuclear_power.html) The U.S. today consumes ... in less space.

Scenario C: Natural Gas Without an increase in nuclear power, natural gas will be the foundation of electricity, making price spikes inevitable Spencer 7 (Jack Spencer is the Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy at The Heritage Foundation's Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies, “Competitive Nuclear Energy Investment: Avoiding Past Policy Mistakes,” The Heritage Foundation, Nov.15, 2007, http://www.heritage.org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/bg2086.cfm) The near death of ... large petroleum reserves.

These natural gas price shocks are increasing electricity rates and devastating the U.S. economy Dr. Sovacool, & Cooper, 7 – *Senior Research Fellow for the Network for New Energy Choices in New York and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University in Blacksburg, VA and ** Executive Director of the Network for New Energy Choices (Benjamin K. Sovacool, also a Research Fellow at the Centre for Asia and Globalization at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and Christopher Cooper, Renewing America: The Case for Federal Leadership on a National Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), Network for New Energy Choices • Report No. 01-07, June, 2007, http://www.newenergychoices.org/dev/uploads/RPS%20Report_Cooper_Sovacool_FINAL_HILL.pdf) // JMP Rising Natural Gas Costs Will Increase Electricity Rates Short-term deflation ... their facilities overseas.

Also, importing liquefied natural gas risks a terrorist attack that would have the force of a nuclear explosion Providence Journal 4 (Mark Reynolds, staffwriter, “Lloyd's executive likens LNG attack to nuclear explosion” 9-21-2004, www.projo.com/massachusetts/content/projo_20040921_ma21lng.134600.html) AMK A terrorist attack ... than a mile away.

Also, high gas prices will destroy overall U.S. manufacturing – this will crush the economy, and specifically destroy the chemical and fertilizer industries Bezdek and Wendling, 04 – work for Management Information Services Inc. (Roger and Robert, PUBLIC UTILITIES FORTNIGHTLY, “The Case Against Gas Dependence”, April, lexis) Moreover, two articles last ... (and future) gas crisis.

The chemical industry is a keystone industry in the U.S. economy – critical to global competitiveness The Technology Administration 7 ("The Chemical Industry: Executive Summary", Unknown date in 07, http://www.technology.gov/Reports/Chemicals/chemical.htm) AMK The U.S. chemical industry ... give U.S. producers an edge.

Independently, the chemical industry is key to solving everything from disease to environmental collapse – prevents extinction Baum 99 – editor-in-chief of the American Chemical Society's Chemical and Engineering News [Rudy M. Baum, C&E News, “Millennium Special Report,” 12-6-99, http://pubs.acs.org/hotartcl/cenear/991206/7749spintro2.html] // LDK The pace of change in today's ... corporate control over food.

University of Michigan 1AC

CONTENTION ONE: INHERENCY

INITIALLY NOTE ALL DISADS ARE NON UNIQUE – BILLIONS IN LOAN GUARENTEES HAVE BEEN GIVEN TO THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY Newsblaze 10/08 [Newsblaze, October 8, 2008, http://newsblaze.com/story/20081008070859tsop.nb/topstory.html]

That is why...passive reactor designs.

HOWEVER, FEDERAL FUNDING FOR GNEP HAS FALLEN SHORT AND NEW MONEY CAN’T BE SPENT ON REPROCESSING FACILITIES Pomper 7/8 [Miles Pomper is editor of Arms Control Today, a monthly journal of authoritative information and analysis published by the Arms Control Association. 7/8, 2008 Research Project Publication GNEP Watch: Developments in the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership A monthly report prepared by Miles Pomper in Washington DC for the CIGI Nuclear Energy Futures Project The Centre for International Governance Innovation NUCLEAR ENERGY FUTURES http://www.cigionline.org/community.igloo?r0=community&r0_script=/scripts/folder/view.script&r0_pathinfo=/{7caf3d23-023d-494b-865b-84d143de9968}/Research/nuclear/publicat&r0_output=xml]

Congress has largely sided...construction of proposed facilities.

WASTE AND MELTDOWNS WILL ALWAYS BE A PROBLEM IN THE STATUS QUO – A TRANSITION TO IFRS NEEDS TO HAPPEN NOW SMSO ‘5 [SMSO, Saudi Medical Site Online, Dr. Tamimi 2005, SMSO, http://www.smso.net/Nuclear_fuel_reprocessing_plant]

Unless the world’s leading...suitable for transport to one

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD LEGALLY INCREASE FEDERAL LOAN GUARANTEES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRAL FAST BREEDER REACTORS IN THE UNITED STATES. ASK AND WE’LL CLARIFY.

CONTENTION TWO: NUCLEAR POLITICS

THE NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE IS HERE, NATIONS AROUND THE WORLD ARE DEVELOPING THE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REPROCESSING OF NUCLEAR FUEL NOW. Deutch and Moniz 03 [Professors John Deutch CO CHAIR Institute Professor Department of Chemistry, MIT and Ernest Moniz et. al CO CHAIR Department of Physics, MIT Director of Energy Studies, Laboratory for Energy and the Environment “Chaired Effort to Identify Barriers and Solutions for Nuclear Option in Reducing Greenhouse Gases” “The Future of Nuclear Power – an interdisciplinary MIT Study 2003 The Future of Nuclear Power]

The developing world might...major efforts are underway

SPECIFICALLY, PUREX REPROCESSING IS INEVITABLE – THE UNITED STATES TRANSITIONING TO BETTER FORMS IS CRUCIAL FOR GLOBAL NUCLEAR EXPANSION WITHOUT THE DANGER OF STOLEN WASTE AND ENSURE EVIROMENTAL BENEFITS. HANNUM 07 [William H. Hannum prof @ Syracuse University, a senior official with the Department of Energy, retired physicist from Argonne National Laboratory. Gerald E. Marsh is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, who has worked and published widely in the areas of science, nuclear power, and foreign affairs. He was a consultant to the Department of Defense on strategic nuclear technology and policy in the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations, and served with the U.S. START delegation in Geneva. 15 April 2007 “Recycling Nuclear Waste American Physical Society Special Session onNuclear Reprocessing, Nuclear Proliferation, and Terrorism” http://www.gemarsh.com/wp-content/uploads/Recycling_APS_07.pdf]

Nuclear power will be...counter-proliferation strategy.

SCENARIO ONE: NUCLEAR 9/11

NUCLEAR WASTE RISKS NUCLEAR TERRORISM – A CENTRAL POLICY TO REDUCE WASTE WITH EXPANSION IS KEY. Larssen 08 [Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, Director, Department of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, June 16, 2008 The Strategic Threat of Nuclear Terrorism?]

It would be a mistake..would be less fragmented.

TERRORISTS CAN EASILY STEAL WEAPONS-GRADE MATERIAL ACCESSED BY PUREX LYMAN 08 [Edwin Lyman is a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists’ Global Security Program. Frank N. von Hippel is a professor of public and international affairs at Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security April 2008 “Reprocessing Revisited:The International Dimensions of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership” http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_04/LymanVonHippel]

In contrast, plutonium...in a spent fuel assembly.

THE US MUST TAKE THE LEAD IN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY LEADERSHIP TO PROMOTE BETTER SAFEGAURDS AND ELIMINATE TERRORIST THREATS. HANNUM AND MARSH 04 [William H. Hannum prof @ Syracuse University, a senior official with the Department of Energy, retired physicist from Argonne National Laboratory. Gerald E. Marsh is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory, who has worked and published widely in the areas of science, nuclear power, and foreign affairs. July 2004 http://www.aps.org/units/fps/newsletters/2004/july/hannum.html]

Safeguards involve physical protection...develop such technologies.

NUCLEAR TERRORISM WOULD CAUSE EXTINCTION SID-AHMED 04 (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

What would be the consequences...we will all be losers.

SCENARIO TWO: YUCCA

EXPANSION OF STATUS QUO REACTORS MEANS STORING IN YUCCA MOUNTIAN. SCHULZ, 6 (Max, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, “Nuclear Power Is the Future,” Wilson Quarterly, Autumn) For all of nuclear energy's apparent advantages...supporting new plants.

YUCCA MOUNTAIN STORAGE WILL CONTAMINATE AND STERILIZE THE ENTIRE BIOSPHERE – THE RISK IS INFINITE EXTINCTION Comarow 1 [David Comarow, Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing, Attorney at Law, Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable, 2K1] A billionth of an ounce...breach that fortress?

REPROCESSING AND GNEP SOLVES YUCCA Mascaro 06 [Lisa Mascaro, Las Vegas Sun Staff Writer, 6-23-06, Yucca Bill Stalls, at Least for This Session, http://www.shundahai.org/6-23-06LVSun_Yucca_Bill_Stalls_at_least_for_This_Session.htm] Recycling is part of...component of nuclear weapons.

CONTENTION THREE: THE NEW COLD WAR

US REPROCESSING TECHNOLOGY IS KEY TO GNEP SUCCEEDING DOE 07 [U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf] The parallel activities...fulfilling the GNEP Vision.

GNEP SUCCEEDING KEY TO MAINTAIN SECURITY OF RUSSIAN STOCKPILES THROUGH COOPERATION WITH RUSSIA Edwards and Kemp 06 [John Edwards & Jack Kemp, 06 Chairs of Independent Task Force Report No. 57 (Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf, Adi Sudarshan)]

A ‘‘123 agreement’’ will allow...in the near future.

THE PLAN IS A SIGNAL OF COOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF RUSSO-GOERGIAN CONFLICT AP 9/28 [Catrina Stewart. Associated Press. “US-Russian deal on nuclear access may be shelved” 8/27/2008. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5h8g9eBzXANZdDLKTnOEHW0IvMO3wD92QNOPG1] A key civil nuclear agreement...with modern realities.

POOR CONTROL OVER RUSSIAN STOCKPILES CAUSES NUCLEAR WAR – SEVERAL SCENARIOS David 99 [Steven R. David, Professor of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, January-February, 1999 (Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars. Foreign Affairs. Lexis | SWON)] A future conflict would quickly...Russian civil war.

ACCIDENTAL US-RUSSIA NUCLEAR WAR LEADS TO EXTINCTION Bostrom 2 [Nick Bostrom 2002, PhD, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University www.nickbostrom.com] A much greater existential risk...in the 21st century.

CONTENTION FOUR: SOLVENCY

FIRST IFR’S ROCK

A. PYROPROCESSING TECH IN IFR IS CHEMICALLY IN CAPABLE OF PRODUCING CORRECT PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES FOR NUCLEAR WEAPONS Stanford 01 [George S. Stanford, Ph.D., nuclear reactor physicist, writer for the National Center of Public Policy Research, December 2001, “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power”] It's a chemical process...two different things.

B. SPECIFICALLY, IT RECOVERS MINOR ACTINIDES THAT RISK PROLIF. Koyama 01 [Tadafumi Koyama, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2001, R & D of Pyrometallurgical Reprocessing Technology in CRIEPI,http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:wja]

Pyrometallurgical processing is..compact and economical.

C. PUT AWAY THE REPROCESSING CARDS THEIR AUTHORS INDICTS OF REPROCESSING REFER TO STATUS QUO PUREX, WHICH WE INDICT AND SOLVE FOR Stanford 01 [George S. Stanford, is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. B.Sc. with Honours, Acadia University; M.A.,Wesleyan University; Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics, Yale University. December 2001 “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power” National Policy Analysis, a publication of the National Center for Public Policy Research #378 http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA378.html] It is entirely consistent with the intent...overtaken by events.

D. REPROCESSING OPENS INTERNATIONAL EXPORT MARKETS AND SPILLS OVER SOLVENCY Kirwan 03 [Barry Kirwan, researcher Eurocontrol (European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation), 22-8-03, An overview of a nuclear reprocessing plant Human Factors programme, science direct] The programme reviewed is UK-based...worldwide nuclear power industry.

E. IFRS ELIMINATE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE BY RECYCLING ON SITE Stanford 01 [George S. Stanford, is a physicist, retired from Argonne National Laboratory. B.Sc. with Honours, Acadia University; M.A.,Wesleyan University; Ph.D. in experimental nuclear physics, Yale University. December 2001 “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power” National Policy Analysis, a publication of the National Center for Public Policy Research #378 http://www.nationalcenter.org/NPA378.html] You explained why...ever come out.

SECOND, PUT AWAY YOUR COUNTERPLANS

A. CONGRESS IS KEY TO FUND GNEP – ONLY APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE HAS AUTHORITY The Bulletin 08 [By Leonor Tomero | 31 July 2008 http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/reports/the-future-of-gnep/the-future-of-gnep-the-international-partners]

The weaknesses of the...administration leaves office.

B. STATES ARE PREEMPTED BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT – EMPIRICAL EXAMPLES Solovy 80 [Alden Solovy 8/24/80 (Reporter at Decatur Herald and Review, "Federal preemption of nuclear power regulation- Illinois Issues", http://www.lib.niu.edu/1980/ ii801024.html)] THE CONFLICT between...reserved to the NRC.

C. ONLY CONGRESS SOLVES GNEP – KEY TO INCREASING ITS BUDGET, INTERNATIONAL PERCEPTION, AND AUTHORIZING US REPROCESSING U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf The GNEP vision has...these competing imperatives.

D. CONGRESS IS KEY TO EXPANDING LOAN GUARANTEES NEI, 8 (Nuclear Energy Institute, “Union President Says Building Trades Will Work to Expand Loan Guarantees for New Nuclear Plants,” 5/15, http://nei.org/newsandevents/newsreleases/union_president_says_building_trades_will_work_to_expand_loan_guarantees_for_new_nucl ear_plants/) A major deficiency...including nuclear plants.

E. FEDERAL LOAN GUARENTEES KEY TO NUCLEAR CONSTRUCTION BUT DON’T COST TAXPAYERS A THING Adams 08 [Theodore G. Adams - SPECIAL TO THE NEWS. Updated: 06/08/08 6:52 AM . http://www.buffalonews.com/248/story/365369.html] Because high up-front...should be extended.

THIRD, PUT AWAY TOPICALITY.

WE’LL READ THEIR DEFINITION BEFORE THEY DO – US CODE EXCLUDES NUCLEAR POWER AS A PRIMARY ALTERNATIVE FACILITY. HOWEVER, THIS DEFINTION HAS A TRULY ABSURD AMOUNT OF ENERGIES CONSIDERED ALTERNATIVES. REGARDLESS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT THINKS THAT NUCLEAR IS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY A. Simon 7 [Simon, Political Science Professor at University of Nevada at Reno – Ph.D. From Washington State, 7 (Christopher, “Overview of Alternative Energy and Fuels and their Uses,” Alternative energy: political, economic, and social feasibility, p. 39-41)] In this chapter...communities, state, or nation.

B. AND MYTHS THAT WE’RE NOT TOPICAL ARE BASED ON ANTI-TECHNOLOGY LOBBIES – NINETY SIX PERCENT OF SPEN FUEL CAN BE TURNED INTO NEW FUEL Hecht 05 [Marjorie Mazel Hecht, managing director of the 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine, Summer 2005, “It’s Not ‘Waste’,: Nuclear Fuel is Renewable” http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/Articles%202005/Renewable.pdf] The first thing to..into new fuel.

Wake Forest 1AC

CONTENTION ONE: INHERENCY

BUSH ALREADY COMMITTED $1.1 BILLION TO NUCLEAR ENERGY Clean and Safe Energy (CASEnergy) Coalition, grassroots coalition of more than 1,600 members that unites people across business, environmental, academic, consumer and labor community to support nuclear energy. 07. “Economic Benefits.”

FEDERAL FUNDING HAS FALLEN SHORT – MONEY HAS BEEN DIVERTED TO ONLY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT AND PROHIBITS CONTRUCTION FOR NUCLEAR REPORCESSING FACILITIES. Miles Pomper is editor of Arms Control Today, a monthly journal of authoritative information and analysis published by the Arms Control Association. 7/8, 2008 Research Project Publication GNEP Watch: Developments in the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership A monthly report prepared by Miles Pomper in Washington DC for the CIGI Nuclear Energy Futures Project The Centre for International Governance Innovation NUCLEAR ENERGY FUTURES http://www.cigionline.org/community.igloo?r0=community&r0_script=/scripts/folder/view.script&r0_pathinfo=/{7caf3d23-023d-494b-865b-84d143de9968}/Research/nuclear/publicat&r0_output=xml

ADDITIONALLY, FUNDING IS KEY TO TRANSITION AWAY FROM UNSAFE REPROCESSING AND EXTRACTION OF PURE PLUTONIUM. Miles Pomper is editor of Arms Control Today, a monthly journal of authoritative information and analysis published by the Arms Control Association. 7/8, 2008 Research Project Publication GNEP Watch: Developments in the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership A monthly report prepared by Miles Pomper in Washington DC for the CIGI Nuclear Energy Futures Project The Centre for International Governance Innovation NUCLEAR ENERGY FUTURES http://www.cigionline.org/community.igloo?r0=community&r0_script=/scripts/folder/view.script&r0_pathinfo=/{7caf3d23-023d-494b-865b-84d143de9968}/Research/nuclear/publicat&r0_output=xml

THUS THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY INCENTIVES BY LEGALLY AUTHORIZING FUNDING, DEVELOPMENT, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NUCLEAR CLOSED FUEL CYCLE PYROMETALLURGICAL REPROCESSING FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES.

CONTENTION TWO: US NUCLEAR LEADERSHIP REPROCESSING IS INEVITABLE – NATIONS ARE DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY NOW – THE US MUST LEAD IN TECHINAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES TO ENSURE A SAFE INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR EXPANSION AND SECURE RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA Professors John Deutch CO CHAIR Institute Professor Department of Chemistry, MIT and Ernest Moniz et. al CO CHAIR Department of Physics, MIT Director of Energy Studies, Laboratory for Energy and the Environment “Chaired Effort to Identify Barriers and Solutions for Nuclear Option in Reducing Greenhouse Gases” “The Future of Nuclear Power – an interdisciplinary MIT Study 2003 The Future of Nuclear Power

THE INTENT OF THESE NATIONS’S REPROCESSING FACILITIES IS IRRELEVANT – A POORLY MANAGED INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR POWER TRANSITION RISKS PROLIFERATION, TERRORISM, AND ACCIDENTS. Professors John Deutch CO CHAIR Institute Professor Department of Chemistry, MIT and Ernest Moniz et. al CO CHAIR Department of Physics, MIT Director of Energy Studies, Laboratory for Energy and the Environment “Chaired Effort to Identify Barriers and Solutions for Nuclear Option in Reducing Greenhouse Gases” “The Future of Nuclear Power – an interdisciplinary MIT Study 2003 The Future of Nuclear Power

STATUS QUO EXPANSION OF REPROCESSING TECHNOLOGY UNIQUELY RISKS PROLIFERATION BY PROMOTING PLUTONIUM EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY. Professors John Deutch CO CHAIR Institute Professor Department of Chemistry, MIT and Ernest Moniz et. al CO CHAIR Department of Physics, MIT Director of Energy Studies, Laboratory for Energy and the Environment “Chaired Effort to Identify Barriers and Solutions for Nuclear Option in Reducing Greenhouse Gases” “The Future of Nuclear Power – an interdisciplinary MIT Study 2003 The Future of Nuclear Power

PROLIFERATION LEADS TO EXTINCTION Victor A Utgoff, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002, Survival, p.87-90

NUCLEAR TERRORISM WILL CAUSE EXTINCTION Sid-Ahmed, 2004 (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm)

US NEEDS A SEAT AT THE TABLE IN INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR DISCUSSIONS TO INFLUENCE SAFE NUCLEAR PRACTICES AND SAFEGAURD POLICIES Pete Domenici Senator of the United States, 2004 A Brighter tomorrow: Fulfilling the promise of nuclear energy. pg. 218-219

REVIVAL OF REPROCESSING IS KEY TO PROMOTE NUCLEAR COOPERATION, NONPROLIFERATION AND BECOME THE GLOBAL TECH LEADER Harold Bengelsdorf 07 (consultant and former director of energy department offices, “THE U.S. DOMESTIC CIVIL NUCLEAR INFRASTRUCTURE AND U.S. NONPROLIFERATION POLICY”, http://www.nuclearcompetitiveness.org/images/COUNCIL_WHITE_PAPER_Final.pdf)

CONTENTION THREE IS GNEP

REPROCESSING CONSTITUTES US PARTICIPATION IN GNEP, THIS REDUCES THE SPREAD OF ENRICHMENT AND REPORCESSING TECHNOLOGY TO ROGUE STATES U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf

US REPROCESSING IS CRUCIAL TO GNEP DEVELOPMENT AND PARTNERSHIP U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf

RUSSIAN RELATIONS ARE LOW NOW – GEORGIA AND POLAND PROVE NPR 08 [National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93619409, August 14, 2008]

RUSSIA AND AMERICA JUST SIGNED A NUCLEAR COOPERATION AGREEMENT, BUT IT WAS ATTACKED FROM ALL SIDES BECAUSE CONGRESS DIDN’T ALLOW REPROCESSING Pavel Podvig, 5-22-08, Research Associate @ Stanford University’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, 1995 Head of the Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces Research Project (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Don’t block U.S.-Russian nuclear cooperation, http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/columnists/pavel-podvig/dont-block-us-russian-nuclear-cooperation, Adi Sudarshan)

GNEP BOOSTS US-RUSSIAN RELATIONSHIP – OVERCOMES OTHER ISSUES Robert Legvold, 10-13-06, Professor of Political Science @ Columbia University, New York (Russia in Global Affairs, U.S.-Russian Relations: An American Perspective, http://eng.globalaffairs.ru/numbers/17/1074.html, Adi Sudarshan)

NUCLEAR COOPERATION WITH RUSSIA IS KEY TO REGULATING RUSSIAN STOCKPILES AND PREVENTING RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR John Edwards & Jack Kemp, 06 Chairs of Independent Task Force Report No. 57 (Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do, Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf, Adi Sudarshan)

LACK OF CONTROL OVER RUSSIAN STOCKPILES CAUSES ACCIDENTAL LAUNCH INTO THE US Steven R. David, Professor of Political Science at the Johns Hopkins University, January-February, 1999 (Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars. Foreign Affairs. Lexis | SWON)

EXTINCTION Nick Bostrom 2, PhD, Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University www.nickbostrom.com

CONTENTION FOUR IS COMPETITIVENESS

REPROCESSING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH GNEP IS CRUCIAL TO BOOSTING COMPETITIVENESS John F. Kotek, Manager of Nuclear Programs, Washington Policy & Analysis, Inc., and Executive Director, American Council on Global Nuclear Competitiveness, 7/20/06

FAILURE TO REVERSE THE COMPETITIVNESS GAP COLLAPSES US UNIPOLARITY Adam Segal, November/December 2004, “Is America Losing its edge?” Foreign Affairs

UNIPOLARITY PREVENTS MASSIVE NUCLEAR CONFLICTS ACROSS THE GLOBE (Robert Kagan, 2007, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, [Miller])

CONTENTION FOUR: SOLVENCY FEDERAL INVESTMENT AND INCENTIVES ARE KEY TO IMPLEMENT NUCLEAR FUEL RECYCLING FACILITIES – THAT’S KEY TO AFFIRM US COMMITMENT TO THE GNEP U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf 2.2 Nuclear Technology: Government & Industry Roles

SUSTAINING THE GNEP REQUIRES ACTIVE US ACTION – FEDERAL INCENTIVES AND FUNDING ARE KEY TO CONSTRUCTION OF REPROCESSING FACILITIES AND ESTABLISHMENT OF US LEADERSHIP IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy Office of Fuel Cycle Management January 2007 “Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Strategic Plan” http://www.gnep.energy.gov/pdfs/gnepStrategicPlanJanuary2007.pdf

PYROPROCESSING IS CHEMICALLY IN CAPABLE OF PRODUCING CORRECT PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES FOR NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION. George S. Stanford, Ph.D., nuclear reactor physicist, writer for the National Center of Public Policy Research, December 2001, “Integral Fast Reactors: Source of Safe, Abundant, Non-Polluting Power”

FEARS OF RADIATION ARE A MYTH – NATURAL RADIATIONS POSES A FURTHER THREAT TO HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONEMNT THAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. Jack Spencer and Nick Loris | Jack Spencer is Research Fellow in Nuclear Energy and Nicolas Loris is a Research Assistant in the Thomas A. Roe Institute for Economic Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation. Nick Loris is an editorial intern pursuing his masters in George MasonUniversity December 3, 2007 “Dispelling Myths About Nuclear Energy” http://www.heritage.org/research/energyandenvironment/bg2087.cfm

REPROCESSING SOLVES OVERFLOW AND TOXICITY Lisa Mascaro, Las Vegas Sun Staff Writer, 6-23-06, Yucca Bill Stalls, at Least for This Session, http://www.shundahai.org/6-23-06LVSun_Yucca_Bill_Stalls_at_least_for_This_Session.htm

ONLY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS CONTROL OVER REGULATING NUCLEAR WASTE AND REPROCESSING FACILITIES – STATES HAVE BEEN CONSTANTLY ROLLEDBACK – AND NORMAL MEANS WOULD BE THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WOULD PRE-EMPT Alden Solovy 8/24/80 (Reporter at Decatur Herald and Review, "Federal preemption of nuclear power regulation- Illinois Issues", http://www.lib.niu.edu/1980/ ii801024.html)

Negative

Normativity Kritik

THERE IS NO REASON TO VOTE AFFIRMATIVE: THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN THEIR PROPOSAL AND PRACTICAL, WORLDLY EFFECTS DUE TO THEIR MISREPRESENTATION OF AGENT SCHLAG, PROFESSOR OF LAW@ UNIV. COLORADO, 1990 (PIERRE, STANFORD LAW REVIEW, NOVEMBER, PAGE LEXIS)

In fact, normative...into effect.

THEIR MISREPRESENTATION OF THE STATUS QUO PRESUPPOSES A RATIONAL, AUTONOMOUS SUBJECT THAT NOT ONLY DESCRIBES THE BUREAUCRACY, BUT ALSO OUR AGENCY AND THE JUDGE’S AGENCY TO ACT AS ONE IN A POSITION OF POWER – THIS POSITION DOES NOT EXIST SCHLAG IN 1991 (PIERRE, COLORADO LAW PROF. 139 U. PA. L. REV.801, APRIL)

For these legal thinkers...practice of legal thought.

SOLVENCY TURN AND EXTERNAL IMPACT THEIR RHETORICAL PERFORMANCE SHIELDS US FOR RESPONSIBILITY FOR OUR OWN CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATERIAL PAIN AND SUFFERING- DELGADO IN 1991 (RICHARD, COLORADO LAW PROFESSOR, 139 PA. L. REV. 933, APRIL)

Are we better off...make a claim on us.

2NC ROLEPLAYING BAD

ROLEPLAYING AS POLICYMAKERS MAKES US COGNITIVELY DEFENSELESS AGAINST THE LOGIC OF INSTITUTIONS. SCHLAG IN 1991 (PIERRE, COLORADO LAW PROF. 139 U. PA. L. REV.801, APRIL) The problem for us, as legal thinkers, is that the ... largely the bureaucratic logic of institutions.

THE ASSUMPTION THAT LINKS POLICY DEBATE TO DEMOCRATIC EMPOWERMENT IS UNDER THEORIZED: BUREAUCRACIES ACTIVELY RECRUIT SKILLED DEBATERS TO MAINTAIN A GOOD IMAGE. Mitchell in 1998 (Gordon, Pitt Communications Professor, “Pedagogical possibilities for argumentative agency in academic debate”, Argumentation and Advocacy, fall) Institutional interests bent on shutting down ... and deployment of argumentative talent to manufacture public loyalty.

UTILIZING DEBATE AS A STERILE LABORATORY FOR FUTURE ADVOCACY SKILLS ONLY MAKES US DOCILE SPECTATORS OF POLITICAL LIFE Mitchell in 1998 (Gordon, Pitt Communications Professor, “Pedagogical possibilities for argumentative agency in academic debate”, Argumentation and Advocacy, fall) While an isolated academic ...drama of political life"

TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ARE LIMITED- THE COMPLEXITY OF THE GOVERNMENT MAKES IT INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT FOR PARTICIPATION TO OCCUR. KULYNYCH IN 1997 (JESSICA, Performing politics: Foucault, Habermas, and postmodern participation Polity, Winter 1997 v30 n2) The escalating interdependence of state ...can be effective in the contemporary world.

FRAMING DEBATE AS A PREPARATORY PEDAGOGY RELEGATES US TO THE BULLPEN OF SOCIAL ACTION: IT IS BY DEFINITION DISEMPOWERING. Mitchell in 1998 (Gordon, Pitt Communications Professor, “Pedagogical possibilities for argumentative agency in academic debate”, Argumentation and Advocacy, fall) What are the entailments of such a preparatory... of argumentative skills.

THE TRADITIONAL INTERPRETATION OF FIAT IS POLITICALLY DEBILITATING: IT ENCOURAGES DEBATERS TO BECOME PASSIVE AGENTS OF CHANGE Mitchell in 1995 (Gordon, Univ. of Pittsburgh Communications prof, “REFLEXIVE FIAT: INCORPORATING THE OUTWARD ACTIVIST TURN INTO CONTEST STRATEGY”,paper presented to the 1995 SCA National Convention) Advocacy, under this view of fiat, ...the academic debate process.

Baudrillard Kritik

They treat the natural world as an experiment to be managed, a sphere in which human life must be preserved eternally, which paradoxically removes the value of life itself. We need the accident and randomness of the natural world to smash their simplified construction in order to escape. Baudrillard in 94 [Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 85-88] The finest example...sustained by drip-feed.

Possession of nuclear weapons freezes societies and makes war impossible. Baudrillard in 81 [Jean, “Simulacra and Simulation” p. 39-40] This is why..a minimal threshold.

The imaginary catastrophes they present are like a drug, used by ivory tower intellectuals to feed off the suffering of the rest of the world. Their efforts to solve these problems are coproductive with the disasters themselves, and this constant search for new spectacle justifies the mentality that could lead to the destruction of the human species as the ultimate reality TV show. Reject their discourse of catastrophic impacts by allowing the impacts to happen within the simulated plane of debate. Baudrillard in 94 [Jean, “The Illusion of the End” p. 66-71] We must today...death as a species.

Dedevelopment

Movements to localize civilization and end ecological destruction are rapidly gaining strength; global economic collapse is the critical mass for achieving dedevelopment Ted Trainer, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, Modified 5/29/2003, http://ssis.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/D24TheTransIsUnderway.html Although a minor phenomenon at present...up viable local alternatives." (p. 150.)

Movements to localize civilization and end ecological destruction are rapidly gaining strength; global economic collapse is the critical mass for achieving dedevelopment Ted Trainer, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, Modified 5/29/2003, http://ssis.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/D24TheTransIsUnderway.html Although a minor phenomenon...viable local alternatives.

Renewable energy projects destroy inevitable movements towards de-development. Holding on to first world economies of limitless growth makes solvency impossible and ensures injustice. Only dedev can solve. Ted Trainer, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, January 2007, Renewable Energy: No Solution for Consumer Society, The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, vol.3, no.1 3. The absurd growth commitment All of the above...consumer-capitalist society.

Global war will kill everyone in 2025 without dedev Christopher Chase-Dunn, Director of the Institute for Research on World-Systems, University of California-Riverside, and Bruce Podobnik, Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Lewis and Clark College, 1999, in The Future of Global Conflict, ed. Bornschier and Chase-Dunn, p. 43 While the onset...collective suicides does not occur.

Development is reducing human reproduction capabilities, ensuring eventual extinction Richard Douthwaite, economist employed by Jamaica and Montserrat, journalist, 1999, in Critical Development Theory, ed. Munck and O’Hearn, p. 158 A third reason that...its economic system.

Ecocide kills all life by 2050 without dedev The Observer, July 7, 2002, http://www.observer.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,750783,00.html A study by the World Wildlife Fund...we are entering uncharted territory.

2NC

Development is the root cause of war - ethnic violence and resource escalation Waltraud Q Morales, Professor of Comparative and International Studies, University of Central Florida, 2002, in On the Edge of Scarcity, Dobkowski and Wallimann, eds, pp. 122-123. Scarcity has proved to be ... poorest nations are integrally linked to global sustainability and human security.

Immediate economic collapse is the only way to save humanity—otherwise grwoth will utterly destroy the planet - environmental destruction subsumes the positive impacts of growth. Barry 08 [Dr. Glen, president and founder of Ecological Internet, Economic Collapse and Global Ecology, 1/14, Counter Currents, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm] Humanity and the Earth are faced with an enormous conundrum ... collapse can be a final, fatal death swoon.

The global economy will collapse by 2050, causing dedevelopment Chris H. Lewis, Professor of American Studies at the University of Colorado-Boulder, 2002, in On the Edge of Scarcity, Dobkowski and Wallimann, eds, pp. 25-26 The First World’s failure to modernize and ... between 2010 and 2050 we will see its final collapse.

Growth necessitates the never-ending quest for energy and consumption- exacerbating warming AND TURNS THE CASE. Brian Czech, conservation biologist with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, adjunct professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train, 2000, pp. 86-87 Global warming is a topic in which few of us ... and thereby increase growing time” (see chapter 4).

Development is destroying the planet; it’s a systemic impact worse than any war in history David Nicholson-Lord, Thomson Foundation consultant; trustee of the New Economics Foundation and the National Wildflower Centre, May 31, 1992 Independent (London) IF THE two decades since the Stockholm conference ... can we stop it getting worse?

Growth causes competition for resources and markets, resulting in global war Ted Trainer, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the School of Social Work, University of New South Wales, last updated 2/17/2003, http://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/tsw/13-Peace-Conflict.html Conflicts of many types are largely due to ... movement towards The Simpler Way.

Growth cycles make severe wars inevitable George Modelski, professor of political science, University of Washington; and William R. Thompson, professor of political science; director, Center for the Study of International Relations; Indiana University, 1996, Leading Sectors and World Powers, pp. 20-22 Goldstein (1985, 1987, 1988, 1991a) has probably contributed ... responsibility for generating the fluctuations in capability concentration.

Buddhism CP (after many requests)

Kevin and I will lead the room in meditation. Let go of yourself, it solves best while the affirmative is petty Ayya Khema, 1994 (Buddhist monk, “All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death.” Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm If you have ever read //Don Quixote//, you'll remember that he was fighting windmills… we will always find another crusade. If we succeed even once....in the best possible way.

Net Benefit: Case Turns

Turn Dualism and Buddhism require complete letting go of all attachments. This would mean that in order to truly affirm Buddhist teaching, our opponents should not care about winning the ballot. Ayya Khema, 1994 (Buddhist monk, “All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death.” Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm If you have ever read //Don Quixote//, you'll remember that he was fighting windmills… we will always find another crusade.

If we want to ... with absolute truth.

Turn, Affirmative concerning themselves with this debate round is EXACTLY the type of dualism that Buddhism denies, They represent the lightweight Buddhist mind that cannot represent true Buddhism. Ayya Khema, 1994 (Buddhist monk, “All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death.” Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm If you have ever read //Don Quixote//, you'll remember that he was fighting windmills… we will always find another crusade. For most of us ... of the Buddha's vision.

Turn – Bringing the Buddhist teachings into debate is counter to the Buddhist way. They are attempting to prove there thought is superior which is not Buddhis. In fact, because they misinterpret the teachings of Buddhism this requires a negative ballot. Ayya Khema, 1994 (Buddhist monk, “All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death.” Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm If you have ever read //Don Quixote//, you'll remember that he was fighting windmills… we will always find another crusade. A natural tendency ... go well together.

Turn- Being truly Buddhist, the only jurisdiction the Affirmative has if of themselves. In fact, they should not be instructing anyone on what to do. Ayya Khema, 1994 (Buddhist monk, “All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death.” Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm If you have ever read //Don Quixote//, you'll remember that he was fighting windmills… we will always find another crusade. In the world ... his own efforts.

Automotive Bailout CP

The United States federal government should purchase $250 billion in troubled assets from General Motors and Chrysler on the condition they undertake bankruptcy-type restructuring. The United States federal government should issue $18.5 billion in loan guarantees requested by auto parts supplies, $20 billion in loan guarantees for auto dealers, and a $9 billion line of credit to Ford. The United States federal government should grant a $16 billion tax credit for Cash for Clunkers. The United States federal government should deduct $9 billion on auto loans.

Counterplan solves auto industry

Isidore 2/19 [CNN Money, Chris Isidore, CNNMoney.com senior writer, “Auto bailout tab could top $130 billion”, February 19, 2009]

NEW YORK (CNNMoney.com) -- General Motors and Chrysler LLC .... deductible as a way to spur demand.

2NC

Counterplan solves - Money exists to purchase the trouble assets now – government money is needed for the companies to weather the recession

CNN Money 3/5 [“White House: No Doubt US Needs Strong Auto Sector”, March 5, 2009]

WASHINGTON -(Dow Jones)- As new fears over General Motors Corp.'s (GM) viability sent the auto maker's shares tumbling, the White House renewed its commitment to a "restructured and retooled..... auto industry in this country."

Paying for the program is vital for solvency

Isidore 2/19 [CNN Money, Chris Isidore, CNNMoney.com senior writer, “Auto bailout tab could top $130 billion”, February 19, 2009]

If the Obama administration decides to move ahead ... And I don't think anybody has been through a bankruptcy of this magnitude."

And, bankruptcy-type restructuring solves long-term sustainability of the automotive industry

Fox Business 2/24 [February 24, 2009, Detroit Auto Bailout Could Cost $100B]

As the White House weighs the latest emergency loan...-- have received an additional $7.5 billion in loans.

Conditioning request assures that the companies stave off bankruptcy – critical to avoid recession

Fox Business 2/24 [February 24, 2009, Detroit Auto Bailout Could Cost $100B] Zandi was more optimistic, saying if GM and Chrysler... throwing money at them,” said Ingrassia.

GBN Neg

The Department of State should offer all necessary incentives to Afghan warlords who collaborate with the United States to keep terrorists out of their territory. The Central Intelligence Agency should continue to monitor Afghanistan closely for any signs of insurrection. The Pentagon should crush any jihadist activities that local powers in Afghanistan fail to stop. The Department of Defense should be exempted from the Energy Investment Security Act of 2007, Section 526, and should have the authority to extend 25-year contracts for liquid coal development. The Department of Defense should increase the attainment of coal-to-liquid technologies for the ground and air forces of the United States.

Counterplan solves Afghan stability Bacevich Nov 29, 2008, Newsweek, Andrew Bacevich is a professor of history and international relations at Boston University, Afghanistan: What’s Our Definition of Victory The basis of U.S. strategy in Afghanistan should therefore.... a more realistic—and more affordable—strategy for Afghanistan.

CTL solves oil dependency Kraemer 6 (Thomas, Chair-Nat’l Coal Council, Coal: America’s Energy Future, p. 9) The United States continues to increase its dependence on foreign oil ... 475 million tons of coal per year.

CTL solves military vulnerabilities and provides all necessary logistical support for air and ground forces Eggers 8 (Cmdr. Jeffrey W. Eggers is an active-duty naval officer serving on the Joint Staff. Was director for combating terrorism at national security council Armed Forces Journal “The fuel gauge of national security” http://www.afji.com/2008/05/3434573) Oil’s ascendancy to a strategic commodity ...terms of environmental consequences.

2NC

CP Solves Afghanistan - warlords will cooperate with the right incentives Bacevich Nov 29, 2008, Newsweek, Andrew Bacevich is a professor of history and international relations at Boston University, Afghanistan: What’s Our Definition of Victory In Afghanistan today, the United States and its allies ...opium (last year's crop totaled about 8,000 metric tons), Afghans produce almost nothing the world wants.

Specifically, CP solves Pakistani instability Bacevich Nov 29, 2008, Newsweek, Andrew Bacevich is a professor of history and international relations at Boston University, Afghanistan: What’s Our Definition of Victory Meanwhile, the chief effect of military operations in Afghanistan so far has been to ... effectively and cheaply than Western combat battalions.

Effective air force is key to success during and after a pullout – plan fails to solve this Sirak`6 (Michael, April 14, 2006 FridayAir Force Chief Sees U.S. Airpower Supporting Iraq For a 'Long Time', Lexis) The U.S. Air Force will continue to be ... interface with those countries as well."

The EU loves coal development – cornerstone of their economy - solves doctrine shift EU Focus 6 September 2006 Coal.Coal has been a reliable energy source ... , and complement the use of renewable biomass.

CTL solves oil dependence Coal International 7 (Jan/Feb, p. 22) America’s National Coal Council wants government incentives to .... substantially reducing total atmospheric emissions.

More ev… Coal International 7 (Jan/Feb, p. 22) Coal has a broad geographic distribution - ... oil import dependence.

That’s the vital internal link to their advantage – their author Alex Kizer, Master's Degree at American University's School of International Service program focusing on International Politics and Organizational Communication, “A Transatlantic Relationship for the Future”, 12-7-07, http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/reinsider/story?id=50868 When discussing renewable energies, many Americans find it unceasingly ... and impalpable influence in the world abroad. However, a new doctrine must come to be. ... This doctrine must start by reevaluating the source: American energy dependence.

CTL is clean, non-pollutant energy Liles 8 (Patricia, J of Comm, 5-18) Not only would greenhouse gases be stored underground, but particulate emissions, ... plant would be captured and stored, Metz said.

Their evidence assumes antiquated CTL tech Tulsa World 5 (11-3) But NPRC's conclusions ... 60 years ago," he said.

Metals contaminants are removed leading to clean processes Lengyel 7 [Gregory J. Colonel, Colonel in USAF, Department of Defense Energy Strategy Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf, August 2007] In coal-rich, oil-poor pre-WWII Germany, Franz ... used with coal.33

RMA BAD

Turn – Rumsfeld Doctrine – RMA encourages preemption and aggressive wars

Clarke – Director of the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College, University of London – 2001 (Michael, “The implications of the revolution in military affairs for arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament,” www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art27.pdf)

The revolution in military affairs is not driven merely by a series... traditional military order.

Turn – Space Attack – countries will attack our space platforms to counter RMA Mowthorpe 2k4 (Matthew, ‘The Militarization and Weaponization of Space’, Lexington Books, p.g 175) One of the issues related to the RMA is the possibility ... pose such proposals.

Space attacks risk global escalation and extinction Mitchell et al in ’01 (Gordon, Kevin Ayotte and David Cram Helwich, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at University of Pittsburgh, Teaching Fellows in the Department of Communications at University of Pittsburgh, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defense #6, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, July, http://www.isisuk.demon.co.uk/0811/isis/uk/bmd/no6_paper.html) A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions ... space could plunge the world into the most destructive military conflict ever seen.

Turn – Prolif - RMA will escalate WMD development – risks extinction Clarke – Director of the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College, University of London – 2001 (Michael, “The implications of the revolution in military affairs for arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament,” www.unidir.ch/pdf/articles/pdf-art27.pdf) Finally, what is the long-term effect of RMA likely to be? ... greatest weapon of mass destruction known to history.

Turn – Arms Race – the RMA causes an advanced weapons arms race culminating in extinciton Moore, 2000 (Mike, senior editor of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Unintended Consequences,” February, vol. 56, no. 01, www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=jf00moore) Equalizers States acquire nuclear weapons ... poured into Western Europe.

2NC

Arms races undermine US hegemony – an RMA arms race would focus on asymmetric warfare which counters the US lead

Hoffman 06 (Lt. Col. Frank G - senior fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and former analyst at the Pentagon. Complex Irregular Warfare: The Next Revolution in Military Affairs. Orbis p. 395-411, Summer, Science Direct //AGupta)

Bin Laden would have been better off had he... failed to match its rhetoric about tomorrow's protean enemies with clear direction or resources.49

Fast RMA means that there is only a risk of our turns – the current modernization goes too far too fast – slowing modernization would avoid an arms race O'Hanlon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, 2005 (Michael, Defense Strategy for the Post-Saddam Era, Brookings Institute Press, p. 89-90) The Army has come closest to ... is for more than $3 billion and additional increases appear to be slated for subsequent budgets.47

RMA destroys the opportunity for peace – it relies on Information Warfare which increases our vulnerability Kamienski, 03 (September 2, M.A. in Political Science, M.S.c in International Relations, Strategic Insight “The RMA and War Powers,” published by the Center for Contemporary Conflict (CCC), an arm of the National Security Affairs Department at the Naval Postgraduate School, http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/sept03/strategy.asp) The RMA is that is a double-edged sword. ... increasing the chances for a conflict between Congress and the President.

The RMA would lead to more destructive wars, and, combined with hate, could annihilate entire populations Metz and Kievit, 1995 (Steven, Associate Research Professor of National Security Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, and James, Strategic Research Analyst at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, “STRATEGY AND THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS: FROM THEORY TO POLICY,” June 27, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/research_pubs/rmastrat.pdf) A peer competitor with armed forces as ... frustration, and technology combine.

RMA will undermine U.S. security by spurring WMD proliferation and Russian nuclear development Moore, 2000 (Mike, senior editor of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, “Unintended Consequences,” February, vol. 56, no. 01, www.thebulletin.org/article.php?art_ofn=jf00moore) Unintended consequences The continuing enthusiasm some American... . And so the circle closes.

Post-Politics K

Double Octas at Emory vs. Pace

The affirmative's framing of a world of catastrophe averted by the government’s heroic environmental policy is a post-political mechanism to reduce politics to the private domain, create an ecology of fear, and focus on expert management and administration of the world.

Zizek prof phil/sociology/psyche @ European grad institute and overall BA 2k8 (Slavoj, “censorsip today: Violence or Ecology as a new Opium for the masses” http://www.lacan.com/zizecology1.htm)

Political action and consumption become fully ... here is a nice quote from the TIME magazine on this topic:

Post-Politics reduces us as humans to a state of bare life, a mere apoliticized subject of biopolitics

Zizek 02 – [Slavoj, Slovenian Superstar and Traveling Philosopher and Professor, “Welcome to the Desert of the Real - '4. from homo sucker to homo sacer'.”, p100, 2002]

[T]here is no place in Agamben ... 'biopolitics' in the precise sense of administering and regulating 'mere life'.

This apoliticization has two implications. First is the destruction of politics, which allows the government to take any action they want to in the name of security and constant action. Second is allowing pure Evil as the excess of politics to assert itself over good, destroying any fundamental value to life and justifying the destruction of personal autonomy.

Zizek 98 [Slavoj, Slovenian Superstar and Travelling Professor and Philohopher across America and Europe, February 1998, Journal of Political Ideologies, “For a Leftist Appropriation of the European Legacy”, http://www.lacan.com/zizek-leftist.htm]

Ranciere is right to ... Evil over its political forms'.

The alternative is to do nothing in the context of the plan Post-politics structures actions and our moves to change the system, any action that is taken only serves to support the overall post-political system. Our to play the game destroys the game itself.

Žižek prof phil/psychoanalysis @ Euro Grad institute 2k1 (Slavoj, “repeating lenin” http://www.lacan.com/replenin)

One is therefore tempted to turn around ... conservative pole of today's official politics